generally loosely made, and serve chiefly as points d'appuî for Rabbinical sayings. Scriptural

quotations occur in 51 out of the 63 tractates of the Mishnah, the number of verses quoted being 430. A

quotation in the Mishnah is generally introduced by the formula `as it is said.' This in all but sixteen

instances, where the quotation is prefaced by, `Scripture means to say.' But, in general, the difference in

the mode of quotation in Rabbinic writings seems to depend partly on the context, but chiefly on the

place and time. Thus, `as it is written' is a Chaldee mode of quotation. Half the quotations in the Talmud

are prefaced by `as it is said;' a fifth of them by `as it is written;' a tenth by `scripture means to say;'

and the remaining fifth by various other formulas. Comp. Pinner's Introduction to Berakhoth. In the

Jerusalem Talmud no al-tikré (`read not so, but read so') occurs, for the purposes of textual criticism. In

the Talmud a favourite mode of quoting from the Pentateuch, made in about 600 passages, is by

. The various modes in which Biblical quotations are made

introducing it as spoken or written by

in Jewish writings are enumerated in Surenhusius Βιβλος καταλλαγης, pp. 1-56.

91. For details on the Jewish views on the Canon, and historical and mystical theology, see Appendix

V.: `Rabbinic Theology and Literature.'